{"id":13000,"date":"2025-11-30T07:54:44","date_gmt":"2025-11-30T05:54:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vocabulaires-ouverts.inrae.fr\/?p=13000"},"modified":"2026-02-27T09:25:09","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T07:25:09","slug":"ontologies-fondationnelles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/ontologies-fondationnelles\/","title":{"rendered":"Ontologies fondationnelles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"13000\" class=\"elementor elementor-13000\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-363f91a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"363f91a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bbac3d6\" data-id=\"2bbac3d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cfd3f9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6cfd3f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ontologies fondationnelles<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42c6accb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42c6accb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Les ontologies fondationnelles sont les ontologies de niveau s\u00e9mantique le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 (top level ou upper level), sur lesquelles d\u2019autres ontologies peuvent s\u2019appuyer.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-789c5be3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"789c5be3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1fa7b104\" data-id=\"1fa7b104\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8bd015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8bd015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Qu'est-ce qu'une ontologie fondationnelle ?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcad0b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcad0b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Une ontologie fondationnelle est une ontologie de \u00ab\u00a0niveau sup\u00e9rieur\u00a0\u00bb appel\u00e9e Top level ontology ou Upper level ontology.<\/strong><\/p><p>Ces ontologies de niveau sup\u00e9rieur sont <strong>agnostiques<\/strong> (ind\u00e9pendantes d\u2019un domaine particulier). Elles d\u00e9finissent les <strong>cat\u00e9gories les plus g\u00e9n\u00e9rales<\/strong>, au sommet de la hi\u00e9rarchie, qui peuvent \u00eatre partag\u00e9es par diff\u00e9rents\u00a0 domaines.<\/p><p><strong>Elles\u00a0servent principalement \u00e0 assurer l\u2019interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 s\u00e9mantique des ontologies entre plusieurs domaines.<\/strong> Elles servent de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour\u00a0 le raisonnement et s\u2019attachent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 d\u00e9finir les m\u00eames <strong>types d\u2019entit\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e9riques<\/strong> appel\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0<strong>universals\u00a0<\/strong>\u00bb en anglais (Jansen, 2008) :<\/p><ul><li>entit\u00e9s abstraites et entit\u00e9s mat\u00e9rielles<\/li><li>entit\u00e9 ind\u00e9pendante (substance) et entit\u00e9 d\u00e9pendante (qualit\u00e9, caract\u00e9ristique)<\/li><li>continuant (ou endurant) et occurrent (ou perdurant)<\/li><li>temps et espace<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Comme il n\u2019est pas si facile de produire et d\u2019approuver des ontologies fondationnelles de fa\u00e7on unanime, plusieurs ontologies de haut niveau ont \u00e9t\u00e9 produites au fil du temps.<\/strong><\/p><p>On\u00a0 peut citer par exemple BFO (Basic Formal Ontology), DOLCE (Descriptive\u00a0 Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering), ou encore SUMO (Suggested upper Merged Ontology).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-652ad342\" data-id=\"652ad342\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37463cd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"37463cd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7203d6a elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"7203d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIntroduction aux ontologies\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d82b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"95d82b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23bedc78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"23bedc78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7241bb40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7241bb40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-496a2929\" data-id=\"496a2929\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d592899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d592899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diff\u00e9rentes visions du monde<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdf7c37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdf7c37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Les ontologies refl\u00e8tent diff\u00e9rentes \u00ab\u00a0visions\u00a0\u00bb ou conceptions du monde. <\/strong>Les hi\u00e9rarchies de classes des ontologies DOLCE, BFO et SUMO sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ci-dessous pour illustrer la diff\u00e9rence de conceptualisation (ou \u00ab vision du monde \u00bb) entre ces ontologies\u00a0:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f15145 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f15145\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture4.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13001\" src=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture4.png 605w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture4-300x142.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture4.png\"><strong>Hi\u00e9rarchie de classes de BFO (extrait)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d561b69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d561b69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture5.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13002\" src=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture5.png 605w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture5-300x124.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><\/p><p><strong>Hi\u00e9rarchie de classes de DOLCE (extrait)<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d9165 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76d9165\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture7.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13004 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"605\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture7.png 605w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture7-300x182.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><\/a><\/p><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture6.png\">Hi\u00e9rarchie de classess de SUMO (extrait)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8539462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8539462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On peut constater \u00e0 travers ces 3 illustrations que les conceptions diff\u00e8rent sur le choix de la s\u00e9paration entre les <strong>entit\u00e9s<\/strong> physiques ou abstraites, les <strong>process\/activit\u00e9s ou les objets, <\/strong>\u00a0la fa\u00e7on d&rsquo;attribuer des <strong>caract\u00e9ristiques ou \u00ab\u00a0qualit\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> aux entit\u00e9s ainsi que la fa\u00e7on de d\u00e9crire les <strong>notions spatio-temporelles<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d3cb13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d3cb13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Un effort d'op\u00e9rationnalisation dans le cadre du Web s\u00e9mantique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1768cd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1768cd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les ontologies fondationnelles proposent des visions diff\u00e9rentes du monde, ce qui a une incidence sur les repr\u00e9sentations et les raisonnements logiques qui peuvent en \u00eatre tir\u00e9s.<\/p><p><strong>Un effort d\u2019op\u00e9rationnalisation s\u2019est av\u00e9r\u00e9 n\u00e9cessaire avec l\u2019\u00e9mergence du Web s\u00e9mantique<\/strong><strong> et l\u2019apparition du langage ontologique OWL (Web Ontology Language).<\/strong><\/p><p>Par exemple, l&rsquo;ontologie fondationnelle UFO a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e au cours des deux derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies afin de rassembler de mani\u00e8re coh\u00e9rente des th\u00e9ories issues de domaines tels que les sciences cognitives, la linguistique et la logique philosophique. L&rsquo;une des applications les plus influentes de UFO a \u00e9t\u00e9 la conception du langage de mod\u00e9lisation conceptuelle OntoUML et de son \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d&rsquo;outils m\u00e9thodologiques et informatiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02195c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02195c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture8.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13005\" src=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture8.png 605w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture8-300x185.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture8.png\"><strong>Hi\u00e9rarchie de classes de UFO (extrait)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-292110d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"292110d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Des efforts de simplification ont aussi \u00e9merg\u00e9 du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de OBO Foundry avec la cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019ontologie COB (Core Ontology for Biology and Biomedicine). L&rsquo;objectif est d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorer l&rsquo;interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9utilisation au sein de la communaut\u00e9 OBO gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une meilleure coordination des termes cl\u00e9s de BFO et RO pour les classes et les relations.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3592dd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3592dd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13013 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB-640x851.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"851\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB-640x851.png 640w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB-770x1024.png 770w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB-768x1021.png 768w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB-1155x1536.png 1155w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB-1320x1756.png 1320w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB.png 1421w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/COB.png\"><strong>Classes et relations de COB (extrait de BioPortal)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e24c21e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e24c21e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plus r\u00e9cemment, une autre ontologie de haut niveau nomm\u00e9e SULO (Simplifed Upper Level Ontology) a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour proposer un ensemble r\u00e9duit de classes en RDF\/OWL :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a28413c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a28413c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture11.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13007\" src=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture11.png 605w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture11-300x149.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2025\/11\/Picture11.png\"><strong>Classes et relation de SULO\u00a0 :<\/strong> la ligne continue indique la connexion entre le domaine et la port\u00e9e (range) ; la ligne pointill\u00e9e indique une restriction d&rsquo;utilisation dans l&rsquo;axiome de classe.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79ba0a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"79ba0a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92fe713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"92fe713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utilisation des ontologies fondationnelles\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c8475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c8475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Base pour le d\u00e9veloppement d'ontologies d'application<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dffa11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9dffa11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Les ontologies fondationnelles servent de base de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019ontologies plus sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es, comme des ontologies d&rsquo;application de niveaux interm\u00e9diaires ou des ontologies de domaine.<\/strong><\/p><p>Le fait de se rattacher \u00e0 une ontologie de haut niveau formel permet de maintenir l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le et la coh\u00e9rence logique.<\/p><p>Une norme ISO est venue d\u00e9finir les caract\u00e9ristiques requises d&rsquo;une ontologie de niveau sup\u00e9rieur (Top Level Ontology ou TLO), neutre vis-\u00e0-vis du domaine et fournissant le contenu ontologique global qui soutiendra l&rsquo;interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 s\u00e9mantique\u00a0en tandem avec les ontologies de domaine \u00e0 des niveaux inf\u00e9rieurs.<\/p><p>Par exemple, une suite d\u2019ontologies nomm\u00e9e CCO (Common Core Ontologies) est venue \u00e9tendre BFO sous la forme de diff\u00e9rents modules ontologiques utilis\u00e9s dans le domaine de la d\u00e9fense et de l\u2019industrie des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications aux Etats-Unis. La suite CCO a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et est maintenue conform\u00e9ment aux principes de l&rsquo;Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry, bien qu&rsquo;elle ne fasse pas partie de cette fondation en raison de son champ d&rsquo;application.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9570ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9570ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Base pour le raisonnement<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b0ec9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9b0ec9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>La communaut\u00e9 travaillant sur la repr\u00e9sentation des connaissances s\u2019est empar\u00e9e du terme ontologie au cours des ann\u00e9es 1990\u00a0afin de d\u00e9signer la composante terminologique des bases de connaissances, \u00e9galement souvent appel\u00e9e<\/strong> \u00ab\u00a0<strong>vocabulaire du domaine<\/strong>\u00bb<strong>. <\/strong>Ce sont des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s (appel\u00e9s TBox)\u00a0qui d\u00e9crivent un domaine d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un vocabulaire de domaine en d\u00e9finissant les classes et les axiomes.<\/p><p>Les bases de connaissances contiennent les graphes de donn\u00e9es annot\u00e9es ou typ\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019ontologie : ce sont les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s d&rsquo;assertion (appel\u00e9s ABox) qui utilisent le vocabulaire d\u00e9fini par le TBox pour d\u00e9crire les instances de donn\u00e9es et leurs associations. On peut aussi voir \u00e7a comme une alg\u00e8bre : on a des \u00e9l\u00e9ments entre lesquels on d\u00e9finit des op\u00e9rations ou relations logiques au moyen d\u2018une ontologie.<\/p><p><strong>Les syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 base de connaissances utilisent un moteur d\u2019inf\u00e9rence pour tirer des conclusions \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es.<\/strong> La combinaison de la bo\u00eete T avec la bo\u00eete A est ce que nous appelons ordinairement un graphe de connaissances. Les deux bo\u00eetes sont n\u00e9cessaires pour avoir un graphe de connaissances utilisable, sinon cela ne se distinguerait pas des donn\u00e9es stock\u00e9es sous la forme de tables relationnelles. De plus, c&rsquo;est la logique maintenue par la bo\u00eete T qui permet l&rsquo;inf\u00e9rence (le raisonnement).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1d55157c\" data-id=\"1d55157c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2568151 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2568151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58cc6d75 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"58cc6d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/basic-formal-ontology.org\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"BFO\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/basic-formal-ontology.org\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBFO\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a7cf67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8a7cf67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac595da elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ac595da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c92a6d5 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"c92a6d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loa.istc.cnr.it\/dolce\/overview.html\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"DOLCE\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loa.istc.cnr.it\/dolce\/overview.html\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOLCE\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a984fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4a984fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542ce99 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"542ce99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ontologyportal.org\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"SUMO\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ontologyportal.org\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSUMO\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94ce86c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"94ce86c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4cb266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d4cb266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73cf89cc elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"73cf89cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLe Web s\u00e9mantique et la repr\u00e9sentation des connaissances\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f419cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4f419cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e52515d elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"e52515d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-syntax\/#axiom\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"OWL\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-syntax\/#axiom\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOWL\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc56b2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cc56b2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06bfe0e elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"06bfe0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ontouml.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/intro\/ufo.html#\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"UFO\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ontouml.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/intro\/ufo.html#\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUFO\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9b876e elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"b9b876e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ontouml.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/intro\/ontouml.html\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"OntoUML\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ontouml.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/intro\/ontouml.html\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOntoUML\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b42f082 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b42f082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7ef2a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a7ef2a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455d172 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"455d172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/OBOFoundry\/COB\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"COB\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/OBOFoundry\/COB\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCOB\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9a1c10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b9a1c10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be59903 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"be59903\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea2e0d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ea2e0d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3b2f9 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"df3b2f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/AIDAVA-DEV\/sulo\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"SULO\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/AIDAVA-DEV\/sulo\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSULO\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-286dd77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"286dd77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0533635 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0533635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b2225 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"88b2225\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/71954.html\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Norme ISO\/IEC 21838-1\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/71954.html\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNorme ISO\/IEC 21838-1\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a6e30 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"73a6e30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubrc.org\/data-science-information-fusion\/specialized-data-ontology-development\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"CCO\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubrc.org\/data-science-information-fusion\/specialized-data-ontology-development\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCCO\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab55913 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"ab55913\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/obofoundry.org\/principles\/fp-000-summary.html\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Principes de l&#039;OBO Foundry\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/obofoundry.org\/principles\/fp-000-summary.html\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrincipes de l'OBO Foundry\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a510f29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a510f29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d4ff17 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"2d4ff17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOntologies et raisonnement\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1328e75f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"1328e75f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658d53eb\" data-id=\"658d53eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1755bf9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"1755bf9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3911\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3911\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Pour aller plus loin<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3911\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3911\"><ul><li>Bandrowski, A., Brinkman, R., Brochhausen, M., Brush, M. H., Bug, B., Chibucos, M. C., Clancy, K., Courtot, M., Derom, D., Dumontier, M., Fan, L., Fostel, J., Fragoso, G., Gibson, F., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Haendel, M. A., He, Y., Heiskanen, M., Hernandez-Boussard, T., Jensen, M., \u2026 Zheng, J. (2016). The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations. <em>PloS one<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>(4), e0154556. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154556\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154556<\/u><\/a><\/li><li>Beverley, J., Colle, G. D., Jensen, M., Benson, C., &amp; Smith, B. (2024). Middle Architecture Criteria, arXiv 2404.17757, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2404.17757\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2404.17757<\/u><\/a><\/li><li>Ceusters W. (2012). An information artifact ontology perspective on data collections and associated representational artifacts. <em>Studies in health technology and informatics<\/em>, <em>180<\/em>, 68\u201372. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/978-1-61499-101-4-68\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/978-1-61499-101-4-68<\/u><\/a><\/li><li>Guizzardi, Giancarlo. (2005). Ontological Foundations for Structural Conceptual Models. PhD Thesis. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/215697579_Ontological_Foundations_for_Structural_Conceptual_Models\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/215697579_Ontological_Foundations_for_Structural_Conceptual_Models\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li>Jansen, L. (2008), Top-level ontologies, in: Munn, K. and Smith, B. (eds),\u00a0 Applied ontology, an introduction, Volume 9 in the series Metaphysics Research, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110324860.173\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110324860.173<\/a><\/li><li>Jensen, M., De Colle, G., Kindya, S., More, C., Cox, A.P., Beverley, J. (2024). The Common Core Ontologies, in: <em>Frontiers in Artificial Science and Applications<\/em>, vol 394, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference (FOIS 2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/FAIA241292\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/FAIA241292<\/u><\/a><\/li><li>Keets C.M. (2020). An introduction to ontology engineering, v1.5.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/people.cs.uct.ac.za\/~mkeet\/OEbook\/\"><u>https:\/\/people.cs.uct.ac.za\/~mkeet\/OEbook\/<\/u><\/a>\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-592da2e4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"592da2e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Citer cette page<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Auteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Relecteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Dates<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le contenu<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Citer cette page<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p>INRAE (2024),\u00a0<em> Ontologies fondationnelles<\/em>, Vocabulaires Ouverts@INRAE, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Auteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Magalie Weber<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Relecteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Dates<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Date de cr\u00e9ation :<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le contenu<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1baf342 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"1baf342\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;waves&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M421.9,6.5c22.6-2.5,51.5,0.4,75.5,5.3c23.6,4.9,70.9,23.5,100.5,35.7c75.8,32.2,133.7,44.5,192.6,49.7\n\tc23.6,2.1,48.7,3.5,103.4-2.5c54.7-6,106.2-25.6,106.2-25.6V0H0v30.3c0,0,72,32.6,158.4,30.5c39.2-0.7,92.8-6.7,134-22.4\n\tc21.2-8.1,52.2-18.2,79.7-24.2C399.3,7.9,411.6,7.5,421.9,6.5z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38437896\" data-id=\"38437896\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ontologies fondationnelles Les ontologies fondationnelles sont les ontologies de niveau s\u00e9mantique le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 (top level ou upper level), sur lesquelles d\u2019autres ontologies peuvent s\u2019appuyer. Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;une ontologie fondationnelle ? Une ontologie fondationnelle est une ontologie de \u00ab\u00a0niveau sup\u00e9rieur\u00a0\u00bb appel\u00e9e Top level ontology ou Upper level ontology. Ces ontologies de niveau sup\u00e9rieur sont agnostiques (ind\u00e9pendantes d\u2019un domaine particulier). Elles d\u00e9finissent les cat\u00e9gories les plus g\u00e9n\u00e9rales, au sommet de la hi\u00e9rarchie, qui peuvent \u00eatre partag\u00e9es par diff\u00e9rents\u00a0 domaines. Elles\u00a0servent principalement \u00e0 assurer l\u2019interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 s\u00e9mantique des ontologies entre plusieurs domaines. Elles servent de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour\u00a0 le raisonnement et s\u2019attachent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 d\u00e9finir les m\u00eames types d\u2019entit\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e9riques appel\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0universals\u00a0\u00bb en anglais (Jansen, 2008) : entit\u00e9s abstraites et entit\u00e9s mat\u00e9rielles entit\u00e9 ind\u00e9pendante (substance) et entit\u00e9 d\u00e9pendante (qualit\u00e9, caract\u00e9ristique) continuant (ou endurant) et occurrent (ou perdurant) temps et espace Comme il n\u2019est pas si facile de produire et d\u2019approuver des ontologies fondationnelles de fa\u00e7on unanime, plusieurs ontologies de haut niveau ont \u00e9t\u00e9 produites au fil du temps. On\u00a0 peut citer par exemple BFO (Basic Formal Ontology), DOLCE (Descriptive\u00a0 Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering), ou encore SUMO (Suggested upper Merged Ontology). Introduction aux ontologies Diff\u00e9rentes visions du monde Les ontologies refl\u00e8tent diff\u00e9rentes \u00ab\u00a0visions\u00a0\u00bb ou conceptions du monde. Les hi\u00e9rarchies de classes des ontologies DOLCE, BFO et SUMO sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ci-dessous pour illustrer la diff\u00e9rence de conceptualisation (ou \u00ab vision du monde \u00bb) entre ces ontologies\u00a0: Hi\u00e9rarchie de classes de BFO (extrait) Hi\u00e9rarchie de classes de DOLCE (extrait) Hi\u00e9rarchie de classess de SUMO (extrait) On peut constater \u00e0 travers ces 3 illustrations que les conceptions diff\u00e8rent sur le choix de la s\u00e9paration entre les entit\u00e9s physiques ou abstraites, les process\/activit\u00e9s ou les objets, \u00a0la fa\u00e7on d&rsquo;attribuer des caract\u00e9ristiques ou \u00ab\u00a0qualit\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb aux entit\u00e9s ainsi que la fa\u00e7on de d\u00e9crire les notions spatio-temporelles. Un effort d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnalisation dans le cadre du Web s\u00e9mantique Les ontologies fondationnelles proposent des visions diff\u00e9rentes du monde, ce qui a une incidence sur les repr\u00e9sentations et les raisonnements logiques qui peuvent en \u00eatre tir\u00e9s. Un effort d\u2019op\u00e9rationnalisation s\u2019est av\u00e9r\u00e9 n\u00e9cessaire avec l\u2019\u00e9mergence du Web s\u00e9mantique et l\u2019apparition du langage ontologique OWL (Web Ontology Language). Par exemple, l&rsquo;ontologie fondationnelle UFO a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e au cours des deux derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies afin de rassembler de mani\u00e8re coh\u00e9rente des th\u00e9ories issues de domaines tels que les sciences cognitives, la linguistique et la logique philosophique. L&rsquo;une des applications les plus influentes de UFO a \u00e9t\u00e9 la conception du langage de mod\u00e9lisation conceptuelle OntoUML et de son \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d&rsquo;outils m\u00e9thodologiques et informatiques. Hi\u00e9rarchie de classes de UFO (extrait) Des efforts de simplification ont aussi \u00e9merg\u00e9 du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de OBO Foundry avec la cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019ontologie COB (Core Ontology for Biology and Biomedicine). L&rsquo;objectif est d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorer l&rsquo;interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9utilisation au sein de la communaut\u00e9 OBO gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une meilleure coordination des termes cl\u00e9s de BFO et RO pour les classes et les relations.\u00a0 Classes et relations de COB (extrait de BioPortal) Plus r\u00e9cemment, une autre ontologie de haut niveau nomm\u00e9e SULO (Simplifed Upper Level Ontology) a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour proposer un ensemble r\u00e9duit de classes en RDF\/OWL : Classes et relation de SULO\u00a0 : la ligne continue indique la connexion entre le domaine et la port\u00e9e (range) ; la ligne pointill\u00e9e indique une restriction d&rsquo;utilisation dans l&rsquo;axiome de classe. Utilisation des ontologies fondationnelles Base pour le d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;ontologies d&rsquo;application Les ontologies fondationnelles servent de base de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019ontologies plus sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es, comme des ontologies d&rsquo;application de niveaux interm\u00e9diaires ou des ontologies de domaine. Le fait de se rattacher \u00e0 une ontologie de haut niveau formel permet de maintenir l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le et la coh\u00e9rence logique. Une norme ISO est venue d\u00e9finir les caract\u00e9ristiques requises d&rsquo;une ontologie de niveau sup\u00e9rieur (Top Level Ontology ou TLO), neutre vis-\u00e0-vis du domaine et fournissant le contenu ontologique global qui soutiendra l&rsquo;interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 s\u00e9mantique\u00a0en tandem avec les ontologies de domaine \u00e0 des niveaux inf\u00e9rieurs. Par exemple, une suite d\u2019ontologies nomm\u00e9e CCO (Common Core Ontologies) est venue \u00e9tendre BFO sous la forme de diff\u00e9rents modules ontologiques utilis\u00e9s dans le domaine de la d\u00e9fense et de l\u2019industrie des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications aux Etats-Unis. La suite CCO a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et est maintenue conform\u00e9ment aux principes de l&rsquo;Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry, bien qu&rsquo;elle ne fasse pas partie de cette fondation en raison de son champ d&rsquo;application. Base pour le raisonnement La communaut\u00e9 travaillant sur la repr\u00e9sentation des connaissances s\u2019est empar\u00e9e du terme ontologie au cours des ann\u00e9es 1990\u00a0afin de d\u00e9signer la composante terminologique des bases de connaissances, \u00e9galement souvent appel\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0vocabulaire du domaine\u00bb. Ce sont des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s (appel\u00e9s TBox)\u00a0qui d\u00e9crivent un domaine d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un vocabulaire de domaine en d\u00e9finissant les classes et les axiomes. Les bases de connaissances contiennent les graphes de donn\u00e9es annot\u00e9es ou typ\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019ontologie : ce sont les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s d&rsquo;assertion (appel\u00e9s ABox) qui utilisent le vocabulaire d\u00e9fini par le TBox pour d\u00e9crire les instances de donn\u00e9es et leurs associations. On peut aussi voir \u00e7a comme une alg\u00e8bre : on a des \u00e9l\u00e9ments entre lesquels on d\u00e9finit des op\u00e9rations ou relations logiques au moyen d\u2018une ontologie. Les syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 base de connaissances utilisent un moteur d\u2019inf\u00e9rence pour tirer des conclusions \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es. La combinaison de la bo\u00eete T avec la bo\u00eete A est ce que nous appelons ordinairement un graphe de connaissances. Les deux bo\u00eetes sont n\u00e9cessaires pour avoir un graphe de connaissances utilisable, sinon cela ne se distinguerait pas des donn\u00e9es stock\u00e9es sous la forme de tables relationnelles. De plus, c&rsquo;est la logique maintenue par la bo\u00eete T qui permet l&rsquo;inf\u00e9rence (le raisonnement). BFO DOLCE SUMO Le Web s\u00e9mantique et la repr\u00e9sentation des connaissances OWL UFO OntoUML COB SULO Norme ISO\/IEC 21838-1 CCO Principes de l&rsquo;OBO Foundry Ontologies et raisonnement Pour aller plus loin Bandrowski, A., Brinkman, R., Brochhausen, M., Brush, M. H., Bug, B., Chibucos, M. C., Clancy, K., Courtot, M., Derom, D., Dumontier, M., Fan, L., Fostel, J., Fragoso, G., Gibson, F., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Haendel, M. A., He, Y., Heiskanen, M., Hernandez-Boussard, T., Jensen, M., \u2026 Zheng, J. (2016). The Ontology<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13000","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13000","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13000"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13000\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13561,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13000\/revisions\/13561"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13000"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13000"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13000"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}