{"id":11565,"date":"2026-02-20T10:03:21","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T08:03:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vocabulaires-ouverts.inrae.fr\/?p=11565"},"modified":"2026-02-20T18:18:35","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T16:18:35","slug":"cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie\/","title":{"rendered":"Cycle de vie d&rsquo;une ontologie"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"11565\" class=\"elementor elementor-11565\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c725174 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"c725174\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17b265b2\" data-id=\"17b265b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7329cbe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7329cbe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cycle de vie d'une ontologie<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-466906e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"466906e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Comme toute ressource num\u00e9rique, les ontologies suivent un cycle de vie qui comprend leur conception, leur impl\u00e9mentation et leur maintenance.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f165aab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7f165aab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18807943\" data-id=\"18807943\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-091d43c elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"091d43c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Sommaire<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie\/#Comment_concevoir_et_maintenir_une_ontologie_%E2%80%8B\" >Comment concevoir et maintenir une ontologie ?\u200b<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie\/#Phase_de_conception_et_specifications\" >Phase de conception et sp\u00e9cifications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie\/#Implementation_documentation_et_versionnement\" >Impl\u00e9mentation, documentation et versionnement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie\/#Alignement\" >Alignement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie\/#Publication_exploitation_maintenance\" >Publication, exploitation, maintenance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-131f2c1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"131f2c1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comment_concevoir_et_maintenir_une_ontologie_%E2%80%8B\"><\/span>Comment concevoir et maintenir une ontologie ?\u200b<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74696894 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74696894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Une ontologie est une ressource s\u00e9mantique qui permet de repr\u00e9senter la connaissance sur un domaine. Elle permet de disposer d\u2019un vocabulaire partag\u00e9 par les humains et les machines.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>Pour concevoir et maintenir une ontologie, les \u00e9quipes d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nierie ontologique doivent disposer d&rsquo;un ensemble de comp\u00e9tences en logique formelle, en web s\u00e9mantique,\u00a0en informatique et en sciences de l\u2019information.\u00a0<strong>On parle aussi d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie des connaissances<\/strong>, quand il s\u2019agit de mod\u00e9liser, de formaliser et d\u2019acqu\u00e9rir des connaissances sp\u00e9cifiques au domaine. En collaborant avec des experts du domaine, les \u00e9quipes d&rsquo;informaticiens et d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieurs de la connaissances travaillent ensembles pour <strong>rendre explicites les entit\u00e9s, les relations et les r\u00e8gles de d\u00e9cision<\/strong> \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre dans le syst\u00e8me d\u2019information bas\u00e9 sur ontologie.<\/p><p><strong>Les connaissances sont rassembl\u00e9es sous la forme de concepts<\/strong> qui sont des repr\u00e9sentations mentales d\u2019une chose abstraite ou concr\u00e8te d\u00e9sign\u00e9e par un <strong>libell\u00e9 compr\u00e9hensible par les humains<\/strong> (c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire exprim\u00e9 par des mots). Les concepts poss\u00e8dent chacun un<strong> identifiant unique<\/strong> manipulable par les machines (URI ou IRI). Les ontologies sont un des \u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs du Web s\u00e9mantique.<\/p><p><strong>Les grandes \u00e9tapes de la vie d\u2019une ontologie sont r\u00e9sum\u00e9es<\/strong> <strong>sch\u00e9matiquement ci-dessous :<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13434 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-1024x495.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-768x371.jpg 768w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-1536x743.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-2048x991.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-640x310.jpg 640w, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2026\/02\/cycle-de-vie-ontologie.jpeg-1320x638.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16720a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"16720a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca9fba8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca9fba8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Apr\u00e8s la phase de conception et sp\u00e9cifications,\u00a0l\u2019ontologie est impl\u00e9ment\u00e9e puis publi\u00e9e avec une documentation. Elle peut alors \u00eatre exploit\u00e9e.<\/li><li>Des alignements peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9s avec d&rsquo;autres ressources ontologiques.<\/li><li>L&rsquo;ontologie est amen\u00e9e \u00e0 \u00e9voluer au cours du temps et un versionnement doit \u00eatre mis en place en lien avec la maintenance.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6264afd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6264afd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phase_de_conception_et_specifications\"><\/span>Phase de conception et sp\u00e9cifications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e0c8a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e0c8a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape est la phase de conception et sp\u00e9cifications (design). <\/strong>Cette phase doit \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re collaborative en r\u00e9alisant des interviews ou des ateliers impliquant des experts du domaines et les futurs utilisateurs du syst\u00e8me qui exploitera l\u2019ontologie.\u00a0<\/p><p>La conception repose sur l\u2019identification des concepts et des relations qui constitueront l\u2019ontologie.\u00a0 Il existe trois strat\u00e9gies principales pour construire une ontologie (Gandon, 2002) :<\/p><ul><li><em>\u00a0Descendante (top-down) &#8211;<\/em> Partir du concept le plus g\u00e9n\u00e9rique et construire une structure par sp\u00e9cialisation. Cette construction s&rsquo;appuie en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur une ontologie fondationnelle de plus haut niveau.<\/li><li><em>Ascendante (bottom-up ou data-driven) &#8211;<\/em> Partir des concepts les plus sp\u00e9cifiques et construire la structure par g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation.<\/li><li><em>Interm\u00e9diaire (middle-out) &#8211;<\/em> Partir de l&rsquo;identification des concepts centraux et construire la structure par la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation ou la sp\u00e9cialisation.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>L&rsquo;approche descendante<\/strong> est propice \u00e0 l&rsquo;inclusion de concepts philosophiques de haut niveau, ce qui facilite le maintien de la coh\u00e9rence logique avec les ontologies fondationnelles sur lesquelles la conception se base. Cette approche descendante n\u00e9cessite une connaissance approfondie du domaine ainsi qu&rsquo;un accord entre les experts du domaine.<\/p><p><strong>L&rsquo;approche ascendante<\/strong> est encline \u00e0 fournir des ontologies adapt\u00e9es et sp\u00e9cifiques avec des concepts tr\u00e8s d\u00e9taill\u00e9s. Elle n\u00e9cessite la disponibilit\u00e9 de sources de donn\u00e9es tandis que son d\u00e9veloppement est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement progressif\/it\u00e9ratif ; de nouvelles sources de donn\u00e9es peuvent fournir de nouvelles donn\u00e9es, de sorte que l&rsquo;ontologie peut n\u00e9cessiter une r\u00e9vision ou une extension.<\/p><p><strong>Enfin, l&rsquo;approche interm\u00e9diaire<\/strong> est susceptible d&rsquo;encourager l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de champs th\u00e9matiques et de renforcer la modularit\u00e9. Cependant, il est difficile de distinguer les concepts centraux, alors que la notion de concept central d\u00e9pend souvent fortement du contexte de l&rsquo;application.<\/p><p><strong>Aucune de ces trois strat\u00e9gies n&rsquo;est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme meilleure que les autres,<\/strong> car l&rsquo;approche d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e d\u00e9pend de plusieurs facteurs (vision personnelle du domaine, disponibilit\u00e9 de preuves mat\u00e9rielles, etc.). <strong>L<\/strong><strong>&lsquo;approche recommand\u00e9e par le W3C <\/strong><strong>consiste<\/strong><strong> \u00e0 r\u00e9utiliser au maximum les ontologies <\/strong><strong>pr\u00e9existantes, <\/strong><strong>en <\/strong><strong>sp\u00e9cia<\/strong><strong>l<\/strong><strong>isant <\/strong><strong>les classes existantes au lieu de les modifier<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong>En effet, l\u2019ajout de sous-classes et de nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s permet de pr\u00e9server la coh\u00e9rence logique et facilite donc l\u2019interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 entre les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019information bas\u00e9s sur les ontologies tout en offrant des adaptations sp\u00e9cifiques aux objectifs vis\u00e9s (Tzitzikas, 2024).\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-729d7cb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"729d7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De nombreuses m\u00e9thodes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 propos\u00e9es pour construire et maintenir une ontologie, dont une des plus compl\u00e8tes est la <strong>m\u00e9thode NeON<\/strong> propos\u00e9e par le groupe OEG (The Ontology Engineering Group) bas\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 Polytechnique de Madrid (Su\u00e1rez-Figueroa et al, 2012). La m\u00e9thodologie <strong>Linked Open Terms<\/strong> (Poveda et al, 2022) est une m\u00e9thode\u00a0pragmatique propos\u00e9e plus r\u00e9cemment et bas\u00e9e sur les m\u00e9thodes du d\u00e9veloppement agile.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3574332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3574332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f086d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f086d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Implementation_documentation_et_versionnement\"><\/span>Impl\u00e9mentation, documentation et versionnement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca8f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4ca8f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impl\u00e9mentation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6728597 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6728597\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apr\u00e8s la conception et sp\u00e9cifications vient la phase d&rsquo;impl\u00e9mentation, <\/strong><strong>c\u2019est \u00e0 dire l\u2019encodage de l\u2019ontologie \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un langage formel. <\/strong>Pour \u00e9diter l&rsquo;ontologie, il existe des outils comme Prot\u00e9g\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>De mani\u00e8re comparable \u00e0 celle d\u2019un logiciel, l\u2019impl\u00e9mentation d\u2019une ontologie se fait de mani\u00e8re it\u00e9rative, en alternant des phases successives d\u2019encodage et de tests.&nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b3b0c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b3b0c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Documentation et versionnement\u200b<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c883f47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c883f47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong> Pour \u00eatre exploitable, l\u2019ontologie doit \u00eatre publi\u00e9e avec une documentation<\/strong> qui vient apporter des informations sur le travail de conception et d\u2019impl\u00e9mentation. Cette documentation peut \u00eatre interne ou bien faire l\u2019objet d\u2019une publication, sous forme de data paper par exemple. <strong>Un suivi des diff\u00e9rentes versions produites doit \u00e9galement \u00eatre mis en place.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c778e9c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c778e9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour faciliter ce travail, certaines \u00e9quipes s\u2019appuient sur une <strong>forge logicielle<\/strong> et adoptent les outils et les m\u00e9thodes du d\u00e9veloppement informatique.<\/p><p>La documentation pour les utilisateurs de l\u2019ontologie peut \u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e automatiquement \u00e0 partir de son code \u00e0 l\u2019aide <strong>d\u2019outils sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s<\/strong> comme Widoco ou le plugin Prot\u00e9g\u00e9OWLDoc.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c4cde9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5c4cde9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-872c919 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"872c919\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alignement\"><\/span>Alignement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d089f3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d089f3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Il est possible de rechercher des correspondances entre diff\u00e9rentes ontologies de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 faciliter la d\u00e9couverte de nouvelles connaissances et l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de donn\u00e9es.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Le mapping <\/strong><strong>ou\u00a0alignement ontologique<\/strong> se r\u00e9f\u00e8re aux efforts visant \u00e0 \u00e9tablir une connexion ou correspondance entre la s\u00e9mantique d&rsquo;une ontologie et celle d&rsquo;une autre.\u00a0<\/p><p>Depuis plus de vingt ans, l&rsquo;alignement ontologique est un sujet de recherche qui a conduit \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de diverses m\u00e9thodes et syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;alignement. <strong>La plupart de ces syst\u00e8mes sont \u00e9labor\u00e9s pour rep\u00e9rer uniquement les correspondances dites \u00ab simp<\/strong><strong>les \u00bb entre les ontologies<\/strong>, en se concentrant principalement sur l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement de relations d&rsquo;\u00e9quivalence entre des classes (pr\u00e9dicats \u00e0 un seul argument, ou relation unaire) ou entre des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s (relations \u00e0 deux arguments, ou relations binaires).<\/p><p>Dans la pratique actuelle, <strong>l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement d&rsquo;alignements complexes<\/strong> entre deux ou plusieurs ontologies n\u00e9cessite la collaboration d&rsquo;experts du domaine pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer manuellement les alignements. Cette t\u00e2che est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement chronophage, donc co\u00fbteuse, et toute automatisation ou semi-automatisation apporte un gain de temps important. Les avanc\u00e9es r\u00e9centes dans <strong>l&rsquo;utilisation de mod\u00e8les de langage de grande taille (LLM)<\/strong> ont montr\u00e9 des r\u00e9sultats encourageants, en raison de l&rsquo;importance du traitement du langage naturel pour ce type de travaux (Amini et al., 2025).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1100c0f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1100c0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Un effort de documentation est n\u00e9cessaire <\/strong><strong>pour d\u00e9finir et maintenir les alignements \u00e9tablis<\/strong>. Des groupes de travail internationaux travaillent actuellement au d\u00e9veloppement du standard SSSOM &#8211; The Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (Matentzoglu et al, 2022 ; Mart\u00ednkov\u00e1 et al, 2024).<\/p><p>Par ailleurs, le projet europ\u00e9en FAIR-IMPACT a produit un certain nombre de recommandations et de guides pratiques \u00e0 ce sujet. Les alignements doivent \u00eatre revus si l\u2019ontologie (ou celle avec laquelle elle est align\u00e9e) \u00e9voluent. C\u2019est une \u00e9tape souvent oubli\u00e9e ou n\u00e9glig\u00e9e.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e353498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e353498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0f45ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f0f45ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Publication_exploitation_maintenance\"><\/span>Publication, exploitation, maintenance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-152304d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"152304d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Publication<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b457be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b457be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Une bonne pratique est de rendre l&rsquo;ontologie publique et donc accessible \u00e0 tous.\u00a0<\/strong> Pour publier l&rsquo;ontologie on peut s&rsquo;appuyer sur une forge ou sur des entrep\u00f4ts d\u00e9di\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de10c1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"de10c1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Exploitation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9759034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9759034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>L\u2019ontologie sert \u00e0 annoter des donn\u00e9es sous la forme de graphes stock\u00e9s au format RDF.<\/strong> L&rsquo;ontologie peupl\u00e9e d\u2019instances constitue alors une base de connaissances requ\u00eatable \u00e0 l\u2019aide du langage SPARQL.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>La base de connaissances permet \u00e9galement de r\u00e9aliser des raisonnements \u00e0 l\u2019aide de moteurs d\u2019inf\u00e9rence.<\/strong>\u00a0 Le raisonnement peut \u00eatre employ\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents stades du cycle de vie de l&rsquo;ontologie :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Le raisonnement peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 <\/strong><b>lors de la conception <\/b>pour tester si les concepts sont non contradictoires et faire \u00e9merger les implications implicites.<br \/>Par exemple, retrouver qu&rsquo;un concept est une sp\u00e9cialisation d&rsquo;un autre concept, ou les concepts qui sont synonymes, peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 lors de la phase de conception pour tester la coh\u00e9rence des d\u00e9finitions de concepts.<\/li><li><strong>Le raisonnement peut aussi \u00eatre utilis\u00e9<\/strong> <b>lors du d\u00e9ploiement de l&rsquo;ontologie<\/b>, pour d\u00e9terminer la coh\u00e9rence des faits utilis\u00e9s ou inf\u00e9rer des relations entre instances ou concepts.<br \/>Par exemple, lors d&rsquo;une recherche d&rsquo;information, comme des \u00e9l\u00e9ments contenus dans une page Web annot\u00e9e avec les concepts d&rsquo;une ontologie, il peut \u00eatre int\u00e9ressant de consid\u00e9rer les concepts de l&rsquo;ontologie qui s&rsquo;apparient avec les concepts de la page, ou encore des concepts plus g\u00e9n\u00e9raux ou plus sp\u00e9cifiques, selon le type de r\u00e9sultats que l&rsquo;on veut obtenir.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15acca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d15acca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maintenance<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ba5cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90ba5cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Les ontologies peuvent \u00e9voluer avec le temps \u00e0 mesure qu&rsquo;elles sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es et affin\u00e9es. <\/strong>Cela conduira \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de fichiers diff\u00e9rents. Les utilisateurs des ontologies doivent \u00eatre en mesure de sp\u00e9cifier exactement quels fichiers d&rsquo;ontologies ils ont utilis\u00e9s pour encoder leurs donn\u00e9es ou construire leurs applications, et \u00eatre capables de r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer des copies inchang\u00e9es de ces fichiers de mani\u00e8re perp\u00e9tuelle. <strong>L&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;une forge logicielle<\/strong> permet de tracer les modifications, d&rsquo;\u00e9changer avec les utilisateurs, et d&rsquo;exposer les diff\u00e9rentes versions. Par ailleurs, les <strong>entrep\u00f4ts et catalogues de vocabulaires<\/strong> permettent de consulter ou d&rsquo;archiver les diff\u00e9rentes versions publi\u00e9es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-69e3b327\" data-id=\"69e3b327\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ad16ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9ad16ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e9efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"68e9efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-858ce62 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"858ce62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/focus-sur-les-ontologies\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Introduction aux ontologies\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/focus-sur-les-ontologies\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIntroduction aux ontologies\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f87fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5f87fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bae0964 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"bae0964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeb s\u00e9mantique et repr\u00e9sentation des connaissances\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-439d551 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"439d551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b61a62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3b61a62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a4a94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"29a4a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6495a11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6495a11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1867907 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1867907\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9811f3 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"b9811f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOntologies fondationnelles\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c6cb3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8c6cb3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66da377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"66da377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de9aef9 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"de9aef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oeg.fi.upm.es\/index.php\/en\/methodologies\/59-neon-methodology\/index.html%20\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"M\u00e9thodologie NeON\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oeg.fi.upm.es\/index.php\/en\/methodologies\/59-neon-methodology\/index.html%20\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM\u00e9thodologie NeON\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-407e7f6 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"407e7f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/construire-un-vocabulaire-lot\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Construire un vocabulaire avec la m\u00e9thode LOT\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/construire-un-vocabulaire-lot\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstruire un vocabulaire avec la m\u00e9thode LOT\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1716e1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1716e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-905dfa3 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"905dfa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/outils-construire-visualiser-vocabulaires\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"S&#039;outiller : les \u00e9diteurs de vocabulaires\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/outils-construire-visualiser-vocabulaires\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS'outiller : les \u00e9diteurs de vocabulaires\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5135a6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5135a6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c045aba elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"c045aba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/dgarijo.github.io\/Widoco\/doc\/tutorial\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Widoco\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/dgarijo.github.io\/Widoco\/doc\/tutorial\/\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWidoco\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe20ac3 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"fe20ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/co-ode-owl-plugins\/owldoc\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Plugin Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 OWLDoc\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/co-ode-owl-plugins\/owldoc\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPlugin Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 OWLDoc\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82d2ffe elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"82d2ffe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23eb956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"23eb956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59d0813 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"59d0813\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/mapping-commons.github.io\/sssom\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Standard SSSOM\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/mapping-commons.github.io\/sssom\/\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStandard SSSOM\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a923be6 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"a923be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fair-impact.eu\/semantic-artefact-mappings\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Projet FAIR-IMPACT\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-sign-out-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fair-impact.eu\/semantic-artefact-mappings\" target=\"_blank\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProjet FAIR-IMPACT\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8edc36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b8edc36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37a4d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"37a4d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e23de36 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"e23de36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/publier-vocabulaire\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Publier un vocabulaire\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/publier-vocabulaire\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPublier un vocabulaire\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f517a98 elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"f517a98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/entrepots-catalogues\/\" class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Entrep\u00f4ts et catalogues de vocabulaires\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/entrepots-catalogues\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEntrep\u00f4ts et catalogues de vocabulaires\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab5a8e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ab5a8e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c762ba elementor-position-inline-start e-transform elementor-view-default elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5c762ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon elementor-animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-search-plus\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOntologie et raisonnement\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e383b50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7e383b50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5676bade\" data-id=\"5676bade\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b449889 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"1b449889\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4571\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences cit\u00e9es dans la page<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4571\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4571\"><ul><li>Amini, R., Norouzi, S.S., Hitzler, P., Amini, R. (2025).\u00a0 Towards\u00a0 Complex Ontology Alignment Using Large Language Models. In: Tiwari, S., Villaz\u00f3n-Terrazas, B.,\u00a0 Ortiz-Rodr\u00edguez, F., Sahri, S. (eds) Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Web.\u00a0 KGSWC 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 15459. Springer,\u00a0 Cham. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-81221-7_2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-81221-7_2<\/a><\/li><li>Gandon, F. (2002), Distributed Artificial Intelligence And Knowledge Management: Ontologies And Multi-Agent Systems For A Corporate Semantic Web. Th\u00e8se de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Nice sophia Antipolis. <a href=\"https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-00378201\">https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-00378201<\/a><\/li><li>Mart\u00ednkov\u00e1, J., Juty,N., Gonzalez Beltran, A., Goble,C., Le Franc, Y.\u00a0 (2024) Moving towards FAIR mappings and crosswalks, In\u00a0: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, FOAM2024: FAIR principles for Ontologies and Metadata in Knowledge Management, July 15&#8211;19, 2024, Enschede, Netherlands<\/li><li>Matentzoglu, N., Balhoff, J. P., Bello, S. M., Bizon, C., Brush, M., Callahan, T. J., Chute, C. G., Duncan, W. D., Evelo, C. T., Gabriel, D., Graybeal, J., Gray, A., Gyori, B. M., Haendel, M., Harmse, H., Harris, N. L., Harrow, I., Hegde, H. B., Hoyt, A. L.,. . . Mungall, C. J. (2022). A Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (SSSOM). Database, vol 2022, baac035. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/database\/baac035\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/database\/baac035<\/u><\/a>\u00a0<\/li><li>Poveda-Villal\u00f3n, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Izquierdo, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, M., &amp; Garc\u00eda-Castro, R. (2022). LOT : An industrial oriented ontology engineering framework. Engineering Applications Of Artificial Intelligence, 111, 104755. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.104755\"><u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.104755<\/u><\/a><\/li><li>Su\u00e1rez-Figueroa, M.C., G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, M. (2012).\u00a0 The\u00a0 NeOn Methodology for Ontology Engineering. In: Su\u00e1rez-Figueroa, M., G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, A., Motta,\u00a0 E., Gangemi, A. (eds) Ontology Engineering in a Networked World.\u00a0 Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-24794-1_2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-24794-1_2<\/a><\/li><li>Tzitzikas Y., Marketakis Y., Mountantonakis M., Fafalios P., Theodoridou M., Axaridou A., Kritsotaki A., and Bekiari C. (2024). Architectural Suggestions for Ontology Management. <em>EFSA supporting publication<\/em> 2024: 21(12):EN-9118. 67 pp. doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2024.EN-9118\"><u>10.2903\/sp.efsa.2024.EN-9118<\/u><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39dadfbc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"39dadfbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Citer cette page<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Auteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Relecteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Dates<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Version t\u00e9l\u00e9chargeable<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Citer cette page<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p>INRAE (2025), <em>Introduction aux ontologies<\/em>, Vocabulaires Ouverts@INRAE, https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/cycle-de-vie-dune-ontologie<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Auteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Magalie Weber<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Relecteurs<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Sophie Aubin, Anne-Sophie Bage, Sonia Bravo<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Dates<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Date de cr\u00e9ation : 20\/02\/2026<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Version t\u00e9l\u00e9chargeable<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5908c0f elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"5908c0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;waves&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M421.9,6.5c22.6-2.5,51.5,0.4,75.5,5.3c23.6,4.9,70.9,23.5,100.5,35.7c75.8,32.2,133.7,44.5,192.6,49.7\n\tc23.6,2.1,48.7,3.5,103.4-2.5c54.7-6,106.2-25.6,106.2-25.6V0H0v30.3c0,0,72,32.6,158.4,30.5c39.2-0.7,92.8-6.7,134-22.4\n\tc21.2-8.1,52.2-18.2,79.7-24.2C399.3,7.9,411.6,7.5,421.9,6.5z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54e3e90a\" data-id=\"54e3e90a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2675432 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"2675432\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab321cc\" data-id=\"ab321cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comment concevoir et maintenir une ontologie ? D\u00e9couvrez les \u00e9tapes du cycle de vie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":117,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[265],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-construire"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11565","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11565"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11565\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13537,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11565\/revisions\/13537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11565"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11565"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istblogs.d-marheine.com\/lovinra\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11565"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}